One in a Million free essay sample

I remember that day – it was 2001 the year when the terrorist flew the planes into the twin towers – I can see the view clearly through my fifth grade class room windows, mean while my elementary teachers were talking about their degrees in college. Well of course, I don’t have the sightless clue about colleges, how it’s like, the work process, and even how to get into its superlative rank. But, I do know one thing. Colleges, as I heard of them, are till years always and colleges, as I consider them, are adult’s work – no room for ten years old like me. My attention, and those of my classmate, was more focused on the 2001 plane crash than on my teachers. Few hours these people were still in bed and getting ready for work, the next thing they’re attacked by terrorist. The thought, that human doesn’t live long, gave me uneasy and skeptical meaning towards life; the fact that people comes and goes, got me thinking about the cognition of the human mind. We will write a custom essay sample on One in a Million or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’s like one day, a perfect day, everything is going great , you got A’s on your exams, your girlfriend decided to go out with you, you graduated from a top university, and the list goes on. But what happen if (the word If is a powerful words, which can be used for analytical thinking and taking consideration between other alternatives) things don’t go as one anticipated? This is a question not many wish to bring about. I read an article about varieties of disorder such as Alzheimer, a disease which one’s brain sizes deteriorates over time – eventually losing one’s identity. The thought of it sends chills down my body; as if you’re taking a shower and suddenly someone turn off the warm water. Yet this is not all, there are still other brain disease which can engender devastating results towards one’s abilities to progress in universities, as well as the world. You see, the way I think is different and is far from being rational to others. I believe genes play no part in one’s intelligent, despite brain disorders, and ethnics plays no role in some one’s true individuality. Even though my beliefs may seem irrational to some people, and it will be irrational if nothing is implemented to help those in need for remedy. I have always feared of becoming oblivious, I even started to drink grade juice, eat blue berries, exercise, and study every day excessive ly. One day, one of my colleges planning organizing (CPC – Chinese-American planning council) hosted an AID Walk across NYC Manhattan Bride. The aim of this walk is to educate people; inform them to say â€Å"No† to Pressured Intercourse, how HIV/AID spread, the possibilities to avoid HIV/AID, and how to diagnose symptoms or where to call for mediate help. At first I was tentative of going; but I was told we’ll get prizes at the end of the event, so I decided to give it a try. The day was extravagantly humid, around 92 degrees Fahrenheit, and there were a lot of other participants, which made it even more humid. We were separated by groups. I was grouped with two other participants; a young girls and a young boy, both around my age, and an elderly woman. We walked for quite a while, and the woman told us all sort of different stories back in her days, which range from politics, her family life, her achievements, her regrets, and the changes of the world as she saw them. Not only do her achievements motivate me, but her regrets helped me to understand my selves with integrity. All her stories seem realistic and inspiring, and she knows a deal about the world. So I have this temptation of asking her â€Å"What makes you join this AID Walk?† She told me, that she has a son whom has AID, and she has been in the AID Walk organization for couples of years now; she also said: â€Å"she can’t barely think, how the families would respond if their so n or daughter has AID, and she wanted to education other, so they can have the knowledge necessary to prevent these Adverse Epidemics†. This is why the world, as I see it, have a lot to share, and the people , have a lot to give, I met in my journey will all help enhance my goal. Right now, you might be thinking â€Å"How can I contribute to your university?† Well you see, I’m not one of those students whom aspire only toward personal ambition, but I, on the other hand, instead aspire in something not many can even imagine. Which will corroborate with my next question; the sole question, for my entire life, is â€Å"How to live a triumphant and self-indulging life?† This question always thrive me to work harder, grasps into the endless void and hope that someday I’ll find the answer – the answer of the ,my mind, human mind. Now, please don’t get me wrong. I’m totally obliged in aspiring toward Psychology, right now my career path is still unclear and subtle. But, I’ll find definitely find something worthwhile to settle in. I have heard varieties of ways to ameliorate one’s mentality and ways to alter one’s life for the better. And one way to eradicate the chain of genetic disorder is to use the process â€Å"Designer babies†. The process of â€Å"Designer babies†, technically take some else genes and modify that gene and implant any desired features; physical, and metal mechanisms, such as blue eyes, dark hair, height modification, so on and so forth. This procedure is extremely difficult to master; there is possible room for high percentage rate of failure. Not only does this motivate me, but it also help motivate me to obtain such acme position, which I can help find cures. Over the years, I didn’t look at others and judge them on their first appearance, speech mechanism, and the way they think, but on how they respond to certain situations. The real art of human capacities lies within their mind, the way one thinks, the way one tackles certain problems, and the way one’s obligation differ from others. This is why I’m perfect for your school; in fact I can contribute plenty of different qualities, which only I (David) can contribute. This is what sets me apart from other candidates.

Iodine Element Facts - Periodic Table

Iodine Element Facts - Periodic Table Iodine  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 53 Iodine Symbol: I Atomic Weight: 126.90447 Discovery: Bernard Courtois 1811 (France) Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 Word Origin: Greek iodes, violet Isotopes: Twenty-three isotopes of iodine are known. Only one stable isotope is found in nature, I-127. Properties Iodine has a melting point of 113.5 °C, a boiling point of 184.35 °C, a specific gravity of 4.93 for its solid state at 20 °C, a gas density of 11.27 g/l, with a valence of 1, 3, 5, or 7. Iodine is a lustrous blue-black solid which volatizes at room temperature into a violet-blue gas with an irritating odor. Iodine forms compounds with many elements, but it is less reactive than the other halogens, which will displace it. Iodine also possesses some properties typical of metals. Iodine is only slightly soluble in water, although it dissolves readily in carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and carbon disulfide, forming purple solutions. Iodine will bind to starch and color it deep blue. Although iodine is essential for proper nutrition, care is needed when handling the element, as skin contact can cause lesions and the vapor is highly irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Uses The radioisotope I-131, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used to treat thyroid disorders. Insufficient dietary iodine leads to the formation of a goiter. A solution of iodine and KI in alcohol is used to disinfect external wounds. Potassium iodide is used in photography. Sources Iodine is found in the form of iodides in seawater and in the seaweeds which absorb the compounds. The element is found in Chilean saltpeter, and nitrate-bearing earth (caliche), brackish waters from salt wells and oil wells, and in brines from old sea deposits. Ultrapure iodine may be prepared by reacting potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Element Classification: Halogen Iodine Physical Data Density (g/cc): 4.93 Melting Point (K): 386.7 Boiling Point (K): 457.5 Appearance: shiny, black nonmetallic solid Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 25.7 Covalent Radius (pm): 133 Ionic Radius: 50 (7e) 220 (-1e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.427 (I-I) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 15.52 (I-I) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 41.95 (I-I) Pauling Negativity Number: 2.66 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1008.3 Oxidation States: 7, 5, 1, -1 Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 7.720 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

Causes of the French Indian War

Causes of the French Indian War In 1748, the War of the Austrian Succession came to a conclusion with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. During the course of the eight-year conflict, France, Prussia, and Spain had squared off against Austria, Britain, Russia, and the Low Countries. When the treaty was signed, many of the underlying issues of the conflict remained unresolved including those of expanding empires and Prussias seizure of Silesia. In the negotiations, many captured colonial outposts were returned to their original owners, such as Madras to the British and Louisbourg to the French, while the trading rivalries that had helped cause the war were ignored. Due to this relatively inconclusive result, the treaty was considered by many to a peace without victory with international tensions remaining high among the recent combatants. The Situation in North America Known as King Georges War in the North American colonies, the conflict had seen colonial troops mount a daring and successful attempt to capture the French fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. The return of the fortress was a point of concern and ire among the colonists when peace was declared. While the British colonies occupied much of the Atlantic coast, they were effectively surrounded by French lands to the north and west. To control this vast expanse of territory extending from the mouth of the St. Lawrence down to the Mississippi Delta, the French built a string of outposts and forts from the western Great Lakes down to the Gulf of Mexico. The location of this line left a wide area between the French garrisons and the crest of the Appalachian Mountains to the east. This territory, largely drained by the Ohio River, was claimed by the French but was increasingly filling with British settlers as they pushed over the mountains. This was largely due to the burgeoning population of the British colonies which in 1754 contained around 1,160,000 white inhabitants as well as another 300,000 slaves. These numbers dwarfed the population of New France which totaled around 55,000 in present-day Canada and another 25,000 in other areas. Caught between these rival empires were the Native Americans, of which the Iroquois Confederacy was the most powerful. Initially consisting of the Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, and Cayuga, the group later became the Six Nations with the addition of the Tuscarora. United, their territory extended between the French and British from the upper reaches of the Hudson River west into the Ohio basin. While officially neutral, the Six Nations were courted by both European powers and frequently traded with whichever side was convenient. The French Stake Their Claim In an effort to assert their control over the Ohio Country, the governor of New France, the Marquis de La Galissonià ¨re, dispatched Captain Pierre Joseph Cà ©loron de Blainville in 1749 to restore and mark the border. Departing Montreal, his expedition of around 270 men moved through present-day western New York and Pennsylvania. As it progressed, he placed lead plates announcing Frances claim to the land at the mouths of several creeks and rivers. Reaching Logstown on the Ohio River, he evicted several British traders and admonished the Native Americans against trading with anyone but the French. After passing present-day Cincinnati, he turned north and returned to Montreal. Despite Cà ©lorons expedition, British settlers continued to push over the mountains, especially those from Virginia. This was backed by the colonial government of Virginia who granted land in the Ohio Country to the Ohio Land Company. Dispatching surveyor Christopher Gist, the company began scouting the region and received permission from the Native Americans to fortify the trading post at Logstown. Aware of these increasing British incursions, the new governor of New France, the Marquis de Duquesne, sent Paul Marin de la Malgue to the area with 2,000 men in 1753 to built a new series of forts. The first of these was built at Presque Isle on Lake Erie (Erie, PA), with another twelve miles south at French Creek (Fort Le Boeuf). Pushing down the Allegheny River, Marin captured the trading post at Venango and built Fort Machault. The Iroquois were alarmed by these actions and complained to British Indian agent Sir William Johnson. The British Response As Marin was constructing his outposts, the lieutenant governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie, became increasingly concerned. Lobbying for the building of a similar string of forts, he received permission provided that he first assert British rights to the French. To do so, he dispatched young Major George Washington on October 31, 1753. Traveling north with Gist, Washington paused at the Forks of the Ohio where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers came together to form the Ohio. Reaching Logstown, the party was joined by Tanaghrisson (Half King), a Seneca chief who disliked the French. The party ultimately reached Fort Le Boeuf on December 12 and Washington met with Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre. Presenting an order from Dinwiddie requiring the French to depart, Washington received a negative reply from Legarduer. Returning to Virginia, Washington informed Dinwiddie of the situation. First Shots Prior to Washingtons return, Dinwiddie dispatched a small party of men under William Trent to begin building a fort at the Forks of the Ohio. Arriving in February 1754, they constructed a small stockade but were forced out by a French force led by Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecoeur in April. Taking possession of the site, they began constructing a new base dubbed Fort Duquesne. After presenting his report in Williamsburg, Washington was ordered to return to the forks with a larger force to aid Trent in his work. Learning of the French force en route, he pressed on with the support of Tanaghrisson. Arriving at Great Meadows, approximately 35 miles south of Fort Duquesne, Washington halted as he knew he was badly outnumbered. Establishing a base camp in the meadows, Washington began exploring the area while waiting for reinforcements. Three days later, he was alerted to the approach of a French scouting party. Assessing the situation, Washington was advised to attack by Tanaghrisson. Agreeing, Washington and approximately 40 of his men marched through the night and foul weather. Finding the French camped in a narrow valley, the British surrounded their position and opened fire. In the resulting Battle of Jumonville Glen, Washingtons men killed 10 French soldiers and captured 21, including their commander Ensign Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville. After the battle, as Washington was interrogating Jumonville, Tanaghrisson walked up and struck the French officer in the head killing him. Anticipating a French counterattack, Washington fell back to Great Meadows and built a crude stockade known as Fort Necessity. Though reinforced, he remained outnumbered when Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers arrived at Great Meadows with 700 men on July 1. Beginning the Battle of Great Meadows, Coulon was able to quickly compel Washington to surrender. Allowed to withdraw with his men, Washington departed the area on July 4. The Albany Congress While events were unfolding on the frontier, the northern colonies were becoming increasingly concerned about French activities. Gathering in the summer of 1754, representatives from the various British colonies came together in Albany to discuss plans for mutual defense and to renew their agreements with the Iroquois which were known as the Covenant Chain. In the talks, Iroquois representative Chief Hendrick requested the re-appointment of Johnson and expressed concern over British and French activities. His concerns were largely placated and the Six Nations representatives departed after the ritual presentation of presents. The representatives also debated a plan for uniting the colonies under a single government for mutual defense and administration. Dubbed the Albany Plan of Union, it required an Act of Parliament to implement as well as the support of the colonial legislatures. The brainchild of Benjamin Franklin, the plan received little support among the individual legislatures and was not addressed by Parliament in London. British Plans for 1755 Though war with France had not been formally declared, the British government, led by the Duke of Newcastle, made plans for a series of campaigns in 1755 designed to reduce French influence in North America. While Major General Edward Braddock was to lead a large force against Fort Duquesne, Sir William Johnson was to advance up Lakes George and Champlain to capture Fort St. Frà ©dà ©ric (Crown Point). In addition to these efforts, Governor William Shirley, made a major general, was tasked with reinforcing Fort Oswego in western New York before moving against Fort Niagara. To the east, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was ordered to capture Fort Beausà ©jour on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia. Braddocks Failure Designated the commander-in-chief of British forces in America, Braddock was convinced by Dinwiddie to mount his expedition against Fort Duquesne from Virginia as the resulting military road would benefit the lieutenant governors business interests. Assembling a force of around 2,400 men, he established his base at Fort Cumberland, MD before pushing north on May 29. Accompanied by Washington, the army followed his earlier route towards the Forks of the Ohio. Slowly plodding through the wilderness as his men cut a road for the wagons and artillery, Braddock sought to increase his speed by rushing forward with a light column of 1,300 men. Alerted to Braddocks approach, the French dispatched a mixed force of infantry and Native Americans from Fort Duquesne under the command of Captains Lià ©nard de Beaujeu and Captain Jean-Daniel Dumas. On July 9, 1755, they attacked the British in the Battle of the Monongahela (Map). In the fighting, Braddock was mortally wounded and his army routed. Defeated, the British column fell back to Great Meadows before retreating towards Philadelphia. Mixed Results Elsewhere To the east, Monckton had success in his operations against Fort Beausà ©jour. Beginning his offensive on June 3, he was in a position to begin shelling the fort ten days later. On July 16, British artillery breached the forts walls and the garrison surrendered. The capture of the fort was marred later that year when Nova Scotias governor, Charles Lawrence, began expelling the French-speaking Acadian population from the area. In western New York, Shirley moved through the wilderness and arrived at Oswego on August 17. Approximately 150 miles short of his goal, he paused amid reports that French strength was massing at Fort Frontenac across Lake Ontario. Hesitant to push on, he elected to halt for the season and began enlarging and reinforcing Fort Oswego. As the British campaigns were moving forward, the French benefited from knowledge of the enemys plans as they had captured Braddocks letters at Monongahela. This intelligence led to French commander Baron Dieskau moving down Lake Champlain to block Johnson rather than embarking on a campaign against Shirley. Seeking to attack Johnsons supply lines, Dieskau moved up (south) Lake George and scouted Fort Lyman (Edward). On September 8, his force clashed with Johnsons at the Battle of Lake George. Dieskau was wounded and captured in the fighting and the French were forced to withdraw. As it was late in the season, Johnson remained at the southern end of Lake George and began construction of Fort William Henry. Moving down the lake, the French retreated to Ticonderoga Point on Lake Champlain where they completed construction of Fort Carillon. With these movements, campaigning in 1755 effectively ended. What had begun as a frontier war in 1754, would explode into a global conflict in 1756.

Aeronautical Science Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aeronautical Science Perspective - Essay Example Consequently, aircrafts roll to the right or left; and this is referred to as rolling. Ailerons tilt the wings in the required direction hence turns the aircraft. The elevator tilts down or up on a horizontal tail surface leading to an increased or decreased lift on the tail, this is known as pitching. An aircraft’s nose is tilted down or up from the pitching maneuver. When an aircraft rotates along its longitudinal axis (x-axis) then this motion is known as rolling while the maneuver is a roll. Control surfaces found on the aircraft’s wings know as ailerons initiate this rotation by deflecting differently (that is one trailing edge down and one trailing edge up) thus creating less lift on one wing, while more on the other. This net difference in lift establishes a rolling moment. Ailerons are hinged on the outer edge of the wings; they are movable and controllable from the cockpit via mechanical linkage. When lowered, aileron increases angle of attack on the wing hence increasing the lift; and vice versa. From these lifts, an aircraft rolls laterally around a longitudinal axis. During a pitch-up maneuver, an aircraft rotates about its lateral axis. A control surface known as stabilator or elevator situated near the rear of the aircraft gets deflected thus generating lift force that as a result of its moment arm (distance) from the aircraft’s center of gravity it produces a pitching moment. In most cases, an elevator is attached to a fixed (immovable) surface known horizontal stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizers acts as the feathers of an arrow that maintains an aircraft pointed at the right direction. Stabilator is a combination of both functions of the elevator and horizontal stabilizer. The stabilator is all-moving because it has no fixed portion. Elevator’s up positioning minimizes the camber of the elevator hence creating

EMR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EMR - Essay Example With this in mind, it can be said that organizational change is an ongoing process that goes hand in hand with the introduction of new technologies to the market (Chemuturi, 2010). Choosing to ignore the onset of these new software products will only serve to hold an organization back with regard to its self improvement and as a result halt the growth of such a company leaving it to be overtaken by its competitors (Apostolou et al, 2010). This is an issue that any establishment has to consider be profit or non profit as being left behind in a world that is changing on a daily basis will more than likely lead to the relevance of that particular organization rapidly decreasing resulting in its extinction form existence in the end. The Organizational Change As mentioned earlier, the health sector has not been left behind in the technological revolution and the change product that has been nominated for implementation in this project are the patients records that are kept in storage. The implementation constitutes of changing the nature of the records from paper form to a more up to date soft copy format that will be stored within an electronic computer data base (Apostolou et al, 2010). This will mean that the records will no longer be stored in physical form consisting of files archived in a particular part of the building but instead will be retrievable from a computer by any individual who has been given authorized access (Chemuturi, 2010). It should be noted that the information on the patients records will remain the same and the only change involved will be the manner in which it is stored and can be retrieved. In technical terms, it can be said that the records will be transformed from a hard copy version (that is, physical files and documents containing the patients’ information) to a soft copy format (that is, electronic files that are stored and accessed from a computer hard drive) thus the only difference coming about is where the files can be re trieved from (Chemuturi, 2010). This organizational change can be described as a technological advancement due to the nature of the processes that will be involved. The health facility will be taking a step forward moving from the traditional methods of storing information to more advanced ways that have entered the market thanks to the introduction of technology to the information sector. The files that will be stored in this new format can be referred to as e records (electronic records) and serve as the new wave of data storage that has taken over the more traditional means. Switching from physical storage of the patients records to a soft copy format will ensure that any needed information will be accessible to the doctor or whoever it may concern will be accessible from any location provided that an individual has a computer or any other electronic device with access to the internet such as an I pad or smart phone. The switch will also prove to be a good way of storing large am ounts of data/information in an easier manner as the issue of physical space does not arise with this type of record keeping (Chemuturi, 2010).

Polonius in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Polonius in Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeare’s dramatic tragedy, Hamlet, the first victim of the rapier, Polonius, meets death behind the arras in Gertrude’s room in the castle. Polonius’ death contributes to Ophelia’s death and the deaths of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern; and these deaths, in turn, precipitate further tragedies in the play. Polonius, an underestimated character, will be the subject of this essay.    Polonius’ entry into the play occurs at the social get-together of the royal court. Claudius has already been crowned; Queen Gertrude is there; Hamlet is present in the black clothes of mourning. When Laertes approaches Claudius to give his farewell before returning to school, the king asks Polonius: â€Å"Have you your father's leave? What says Polonius?† And the father dutifully answers:    He hath, my lord, wrung from me my slow leave   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By laboursome petition, and at last   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Upon his will I seal'd my hard consent:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I do beseech you, give him leave to go.    So right at the outset the reader/viewer respects the lord chamberlain as a very fluent spokesman of the language, and respectful of his superior, the king. Later, in Polonius’ house, Laertes is taking leave of his sister, Ophelia, and, in the process, giving her conservative advice regarding her boyfriend, Hamlet. Quietly Polonius enters and begins to advise Laertes regarding life away from home:   Ã‚   Give thy thoughts no tongue,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nor any unproportioned thought his act.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But do not dull thy palm with entertainment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of each new-hatch'd, unfledged comrade. Beware   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of entrance to a quarrel, but being in,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bear't that the opposed may beware of thee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But not express'd in fancy; rich, not gaudy;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the apparel oft proclaims the man,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And they in France of the best rank and station   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are of a most select and generous chief in that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neither a borrower nor a lender be;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For loan oft loses both itself and friend,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This above all: to thine ownself be true,

Major Political Parties in the United States

Today, the politics of the United States government is controlled by two dominant political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. These two political parties dominated US politics from 1860 to the present. This is not to say that the US electoral system does not allow the existence of a multiple party system. It should be noted that the development of a two-party system in the United States was due perhaps to the relative contradiction of ideology and platforms of government between these two parties.US voters historically perceived this difference as necessary because of the need to maximize the saliency of political choice. When one set of policies failed, the voters had the option of voting the policies of the other party. This is called polarization. Hence, an understanding of the ideology of each political party is needed. In 1854, anti-slavery politicians met at Ripon, Wisconsin to form the Republican Party. After a year, the party grew rapidly displacing the Whig Party as the primary opposition party to the Democratic Party.In 1859, it nominated Abraham Lincoln as president in the 1860 election. After the election of Abraham Lincoln, the party became a symbol of anti-slavery, and after the war, the period of Reconstruction. Early Republicans advocated the slogan ‘free labor, free land, and free men. ’ The Republican Party believed that class mobility is an important factor in economic development. According to Republican ideology, individuals have the right to determine their economic status, given economic circumstances. The party also advocated a countrywide redistribution of land.Early Republicans believed that giving away government-owned land would rapidly end slavery. From 1859 to 1865, the party was actively anti-slavery in the Western territories as a means to check the intentions of the Confederacy. After the Civil War, the party changed some of its political beliefs. It supported big businesses, the annexation of Hawaii, and generous pensions for Union veterans. With the rapid growth of the transportation and manufacturing sectors, the party advocated the implementation of a countrywide subsidy program and the imposition of higher tariffs on foreign goods.Today, the party advocates a Keynesian approach to economic development, emphasizing the need for the government to adjust its expenditures based on growth patterns. The party also supports lowering both the optimal tax rates and the general tariff rates as a means to boost the economy. Social welfare is deemphasized in present Republican ideology. The origin of the Democratic Party can be traced back to the party founded by Jefferson, Madison, and other politicians opposing the Federalists.The modern Democratic Party, however, was founded with the election of Andrew Jackson to the presidency. From 1860 to 1920, the party positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on a number of economic, political, and social issues. The electio n of Woodrow Wilson revived the influence of the party in policy-making, after 30 years of political hibernation. In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt was elected president of the United States. His New Deal program increased the political base of the party, and became the economic framework of the US government until the 1970s.The ideology of the Democratic Party differs from that of the Republican Party in three respects. First, the party advocates social liberalism, emphasizing the institutionalization of affirmative action and social freedom. Second, the party believes in a free-enterprise system regulated by government intervention. Third, the party believes that the government should play a role in alleviating poverty and the use of progressive taxation. Democratic ideology asserts that ‘economic development is assumed to be a function of social progress. ’I learned that both the federal and state governments are governed by a system of checks and balances. The government is divided into three branches which are assumed to be equal in integrity and power. Both in federal and state governments, the legislatures act as the lawmaking body. The executive branch of government approves or vetoes legislations approved by Congress. The legislative branch approves the budget, reserves the right to declare war, and examines the operations of the government through committee hearings and investigations.These powers act as a check to the actions of the executive branch. The judicial branch of government reserves the power to examine the constitutionality of statutes passed by Congress. This is called ‘power of judicial review. ’ This power acts as a check to the legislative branch. It can also make recommendations to the federal government on issues of legality/constitutionality of specific government actions/policies. The members of the judicial branch are appointed by the president, with the concurrence of Congress.This serves as a check to the po wer of the judicial branch. Comments Regarding the Instructor, the Course, and Class Requirements The instructor is very efficient in giving information about the American government, pointing out salient issues and problems. The course is a good starting point towards a more deep and critical understanding of the history of the US government. Class requirements are by no means heavy. Much of the class requirements reflect the learning experience necessary for a full understanding of US politics and governance.